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 ature Book-length essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson, published anonymously in 1836. In it Emerson reevaluates traditional views of God and Nature,
humans can transcend the materialistic world of sense of experience and facts to become conscious of the all-prevading spirit of the universe and the potentialities of human freedom. Though these concepts were not original, Emerson's polished style and breadth of vision lent them a particular vividness. A formulation of Emerson's essential philosophy, asserting that the essay helped initiate Transcendentalism.
 alden Series of 18 essays by Henry David Thoreau, published in 1854. An important contribution to New England Transcendentalism, the book was Thoreau's
record of simple living on the northern shore of Walden Pond in Concord, Mass. (1845-47). It is viewed not only as a philosophical treatise on labor, leisure, self-reliance, and individualism but also as an influential piece of nature writing. Though relatively neglected during Thoreau's lifetime,
it achieved tremendous popularity in the 20th century, when it came to be regarded as his masterwork.
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